Determinants Of Health Care Utilization Health And Social Care Essay

Determinants Of Health Care Utilization Health And Social Care Essay All people around the world could not access to health care service as there is a significant unmet need for health care. In order to improve the quality of human life, the health care providers and policy makers should have a better understanding of why people utilize or not utilize the health care services. In the changing of global environment such as population growth, increased health problems, higher demand for medical care and advanced medical technologies, health care expenditure is increasing in every country around the world. As health care expenditure has been escalating, financing for health care is becoming one of the challenges for governments especially in low and middle income countries. In many developing countries, the financial source for health care is dominated by private sector as house-hold out of pocket payment. However health insurance schemes are becoming an increasingly recognized tool in recent decades to finance low and middle income countries. As one of the poorest countries in South-East Asia, Myanmar health care financing mainly relies on private financing source in a form of out-of pocket payment. According to (NHA 2008-2009), 85% of total health expenditure comes from private household. In Myanmar, there are some financial schemes initiated by the government in order to protect the financial lost and impoverishment of the people. Among those health financing schemes, Social Security Scheme (SSS) plays a role to pool the risk of financial burden among insured workers. Myanmar government started the social health insurance in 1956 to provide social assistances and health care services to the insured workers. Regardless of the long period of implementation, the coverage of social health insurance is only 0.97% of total population and 1.96% of working population. There are 93 clinics in 110 townships to provide health care services to insured workers (Social Security Board 2012). The clinic time is from 8:00 am to 4:00pm which is during working hours of insured workers (Social Security Board 2012). The social security clinics locations are mostly not closed with the work places. The director of Social Security Board (SSB) mentioned about health care services in the news interview that, The current health care system is not enough for workers as the social security clinics cannot provide 24-hour service. Social security clinics cannot be found all over the country so workers in areas where there are no social security clinics can face difficulties.(The Myanmar Times, April 16-22, 2012). Apart from the difficulty in accessibility, the insured workers have to bear travelling cost and time cost to access health services from social security clinics. Moreover, there is very limited in equipments, medicines and facilities to provide enough health services to the insured workers. So some insured workers dont visit to social security clinics and get the medical care from nearby clinics and treat with traditional medicines. One of the SSB member expressed her experience from a boards clinic in Yangon as not be pleasant. She mentioned, There was a long queue of patients and I was particularly upset by the poor service from the doctors and nurses and I really dont trust them they dont have specialists, they have only general practitioners. I only went there to claim the cost of my medicines.(The Myanmar Times, April 16-22, 2012). Because of difficulties for workers to visit the clinics, health care teams from clinics have been trying to provide health care services in work places; however the very limited number of vehicle and cost of patrol are the big challenging issue for the health care providers. Despite of monthly contribution from their salary, because of hardly to access health care facility from social security, the insured workers could not get their benefit from social security board. However, Myanmar has been opening a new chapter of reform after 2010 general election and adopting democratic system in the country. As the country opening up, there are many reforms have been doing in order to move along with the ASEAN and global community. Myanmar SSS has been reformed to extend its coverage not only in formal but also to informal sectors. A new Social Security Law has been enacted in 2012 and will be implemented in 2013. Currently, the board has been preparing to introduce the new law for the insured workers. Along with the reform process, understanding the behaviors and factors affecting health care utilization is very important for the policy makers to improve the quality of services in order to attract the private workers to enroll in the scheme. By studying determinant health care utilization among insured private workers, we could observe that who pay for and who get benefit from the scheme. Apart from this we could also determine the most influencing factors which hinder and encourage the insured workers to utilize health care services from social security scheme. RESEARCH QUESTIONS General research questions What are the determinants of health care utilization among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012? Specific research questions What are the barriers to access health care services for insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012? Research Objectives To identity the determinants of health care utilization among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012 To identify the barriers for insured private workers to access health services from Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thaya Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012 Scope of the study This study will be focused on insured private workers under the Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar industrial zone, Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar. The insured workers with the age of over 18 years and currently employed by private owned factories and firms will be included in this study. The cross-sectional data will be collected in February and March 2013. Hypothesis The age, gender, marital status, number of children, ethnicity, religion, educational status, occupation, income, distance from work place to health facilities, perceived travelling cost, hospitality of the health care personnel, satisfaction to the services, number of health facilities other than social security health facilities in the area, perceived health status and presence of underlying illness or disabilities influence the health care utilization among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar Health care system Myanmar health care system is pluralistic with the mix of public and private providers. As the countrys administrative system has been changed, the key providers in health care services also have changed. However, ministry of health is still the major provider of the health care services through public health facilities while other ministries also provide some health care services (Ministry of Health, 2012). Ministry of Health is taking responsible to implement holistic health care including preventive, curative and rehabilitative care to the people according to social objectives of the country laid down by National Health Committee. There are 7 departments under Ministry of Health and Department of Health is one of the departments to provide comprehensive health care to all citizens. Apart from Ministry of Health, other ministries such as Ministry of Defense, Railway, Mine, Industry, Energy, Home and Transportation also provide health care to their employees. Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security established Social Security Board with 3 general hospitals and 93 clinics across the country to take care of insured workers under Social Security Scheme. Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory which is under the Ministry of Industry supplies medicine and therapeutic agents for domestic market. One thing special for Myanmar health care system is that there is traditional medicine along allo pathic or modern medicine. Apart from public health facilities, local NGO such as Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association and Myanmar Red Cross Society and international donors are also provide some fragments of health services to fill up the gap in the community (Ministry of Health 2012). Financing of health care services are from three main sources; government as general taxation, private household contribution as out-of pocket payment, social security system and community contribution. External donation in form of assistances is also play a role in Myanmar health care financing. Community Cost Sharing Scheme Community Cost Sharing (CCS) scheme is established in 1992. It is simply a user fees system with the intention to charge curative cost for health care services from the rich and provide exemption to those who could not effort for their health care expenditure. According to SSC scheme, the cost for laboratory, radio imaging, private room, drug and medical equipments are asked to pay for those who can effort. The revenue from CCS scheme is broken down into three portions 1) 50 percent is for government revenue, 2) 15 percent go for purchasing medicine and medical equipments and 3) the last 15 percent use for maintenance. However, there are no clear criteria for the poor to provide exemption and many challenges are coming up in the implementation level.(Aye et al.) Revolving Drug Fund Revolving Drug Fund was introduced in 1990 by Myanmar Essential Drug Program. The program started in 9 townships as pilot project and then extended into 100 townships in 1995. The fund is started by WHO, UNICEF, Sasakawa Foundation and the fund is used as a seed grant.(Aye et al.) Trust Fund Trust Fund is another finance source for health care and the objective is to finance to poor patient who cannot pay the cost of health care at public hospitals. The policy for Trust Fund is ONE BED ONE LAKH; and it is raised 100,000 Kyat per bed to hospital by the donation from community. Trust fund are normally kept as saving count at bank and the annual interest from that is utilized according to trust fund management committee or hospital management committee(Aye et al.). Social Security Scheme Social Security Scheme (SSS) is the solely health insurance scheme in Myanmar. It was introduced in 1956 according to 1954 Social Security Act. The SSS is implemented by SSB under the Ministry of Labor which has recently transformed into Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security. The objectives of SSB are; to improve the health of the insured workers, to enhance their working ability and to boost productivity, to provide effective benefit in times of social contingencies such as sickness, maternity and employment injury, unemployment, old-age, and death etc, to support the insured workers and family members for living when the formers are unable to work and to make the social security scheme concern the entire population. In order to achieve these objectives, social security board is carrying its duty and functions by ensuring workers enjoy rights and protection granted under the various labor laws, providing social services for the workers, promoting higher productivity of l abors and participating in international labor affair ( Social Security Board, 2012). The premium for Social Security Scheme is mandatory contribution from employee and employer. The contribution is based on tripartite contribution by 2.5 % of the workers salary from employer, 1.5% from the employee and government supports the capital investments as necessary. The contribution is collected according to 15 wage classes. The coverage groups are state enterprise employees, temporary and permanent employees of public or private firms with five or more employees in certain establishments such as railways, ports, mines and oilfields. The employment with less than five employees, construction workers, agricultural workers and fishermen are excluded from the coverage of social security scheme (Social Security Board, 2012). At first, it is started from the cities and then extended into other towns gradually. One 250 bedded workers hospital in Yangon, one 150 bedded hospital in Mandalay and one 100 bedded TB hospital and 93 clinics have being run under the Social Security Board in order to provide health care services to insured workers.(Social Security Board, 2012). In benefit package, it is divided into cash sickness benefit, maternal benefit, and medical benefit. For cash sickness benefit, 50% of the insured workers average earning will be included from the first day of illness up to 26 weeks for one illness. Benefit of temporary and permanent disability and survival benefits are also included in cash benefit. As funeral grant, 40,000 (Kyat) is paid to the deceaseds surviving spouse and child. The maternal cash benefit includes 66% of insured workers average earning for 12 weeks (6 weeks before and 6 weeks after delivery). For medical benefit, free medical services are directly provided by Social Security Boards clinics. Medical services include the medical care at the clinic, emergency home care, specialist and laboratory services at diagnostic center, necessary hospitalization, maternity care and medicine(Social Security Program Throughout the World : Asia and the Pacific 2010, 2011). Literature review The literature review for this study will be broken down into empirical studies on health care utilization and determinants of health care utilization. Health Care Utilization A study in Canada(Curtis MacMinn, 2008) about health care utilization in twenty-five years of evidence to identify the relationship between the socio-economic status and utilization, controlling and demographic characteristics. The study describes pattern of health care utilization under public health insurance scheme. They investigated about physician, specialist and hospital care utilization between 1978 and 2003. The data from Canada Health Survey (1978), General Social Survey (1991), and Canadian Community Health Survey (2001 and 2003) were extracted to analyze the different in utilization over 25 years period. It shows that health care utilization is growing through time. The populations with lower level socio-economic status (income, education, or employment) have on average less likelihood of visiting physician than those with middle socio-economic status. Individuals with lower levels socio-economic status have lower utilization of specialist care than those with higher econ omic status. For hospitalization, poorer individuals have slightly longer stay than with middle and higher income groups. The results also shows that health care utilization of publicly insured individual have strongly related with the health status of them. A Vietnamese scholar(Nguyen, 2012) analyzed the impact voluntary health insurance on health care utilization in Vietnam by using a descriptive and modeling study with secondary data. He looked at the trend of voluntary health insurance members, categories, revenues and expenditures and health care utilization in the whole country for 5 years period (1993-1997). The study shows that the trend of health care utilization is increasing during 5 year period but the number of hospital visit of voluntary health insurance members is lower than those paying by out-of pocket payment. The results of the study only can predict the utilization rate based on the macro factors and could not include other factors that could affect health care utilization among insured individuals. Health insurance does effect the health care utilization and it is revealed in a study from Burkina Faso by (Gnawali et al., 2009). They investigated the impact of community-based health insurance on health care utilization in rural Burkina Fuso. The results show that the individuals who insured under community-based health insurance scheme utilized out- patient services 40% more than those who are not insured however in-patient utilization rate is not significantly changed. Moreover, the study explains that low income groups are less likely to enroll in the scheme and even though they are once insured, health care services utilization is still lower than middle and higher income groups. Health insurance has a statistically significant effect on utilization of health care. In Sri Lanka, (Priyanjith H. 2008) studied the factors affecting health care utilization with three common diseases; Bronchial Asthma, Ischemic Heart Disease, Viral Fever. He has conducted cross-sectional descriptive survey and the respondents were selected randomly. The results demonstrate that patients age, health care expenditure and household monthly income, number of dependents in the family and religion have significant relationship with utilization of health care facilities. Age, family income level, perception and religion (Buddhist and Sinhala) have positive influence on health service utilization while health care expenditure, distance to access health facilities, number of family members and dependents in the family negatively correlated with health care utilization. Determinants of health care utilization Socio-demographic Factors Age A study in Ethiopia by (Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011) shows that children the age under five-year old used health facilities 3.5 times than those above the age of 65. A study in Nigeria by (Aigbe Osariemen, 2011) concluded that maternal age is the main predisposing factor to utilize antenatal care service. The women with age of 15-19, 40-44 and 45 years old utilized unorthodox source (traditional birth attendants, home assistance and church) 63.6 %, 65% and 55.6% respectively and the middle age pregnant women with the age of 20-39 used unorthodox source between 30 to 40.5%. The middle age pregnant women have significantly lower rate of using unorthodox sources for antenatal care. The individuals older than 24 years old were significantly more likely to utilize health care services than younger age (Hu Podhisita, 2008). A study in New Mexico counties, USA by (Anderson, 1973) shows that age has negative effect on hospital admission rate. Gender In Nepal, when holding other variables constant, boys have 43% more likelihood to seek external health care given illness than girls (Pokhrel et al., 2005). Men were 0.46 times tendency to utilize health care services than women(Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011). In Myanmar culture, women are usually given equal chance and not regarded as socially inferior. There is strong relationship between gender and using health care facilities and women visited health services more than men among Myanmar migrant workers in Ranong, Thailand (Aung, 2008). Marital Status In Ethiopia, married individual were 8.1 times more likely to visit health facilities than those unmarried one. (Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011). Ethnicity A study by (Anderson, 1973) conclude that ethnicity is one of predisposing factors for health care utilization. Hospital bed-population ratios are higher in the counties with larger ethnic minority group. However (Hu Podhisita, 2008) reveals that if the ethnic groups have the same opportunities(predisposing, enabling factors), health care utilization will be likely similar. Educational status In Nigeria, the choice of antenatal care sources between orthodox and unorthodox is associated with the education of mother. They pointed out that the usage of unorthodox sources of antenatal care is 83% among with primary education level. The choice for orthodox source is 53% among the mother with secondary education and which is tripled with those of primary education(Aigbe Osariemen, 2011). In Curacao, Netherland, educational level is strongly related with utilization of dentist and physiotherapist. The results indicates that people with the highest educational level in the study utilized dental service a year almost five times than those with the lowest educational level(Alberts, J, Eimers, Den, 1997). Income Annual household income is associated with the level of utilization of health care services. Low income group was 0.26 times likely to use health care facilities (Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011) Accessibility to Health Care Services Distance to the health facilities A study by (Nemet Bailey, 2000) shows the relationship between distance and utilization that as the distance increase, health care utilization is reduced. Another study in Nigeria by (Aigbe Osariemen, 2011) concludes that distance to health facility from their residence is important factors for women to seek ante natal care. They found out that majority of women (76%) utilized the nearby health center which takes less than 30 minute with vehicular transportation from their residence while only 5.9% of women travelled to access health care services from facilities that need more than 45 minute to arrived. In Ethiopia, distance to the nearest health facilities is one of important factors on utilization of health facilities, the study concluded that the individuals who live in 10 kilometers or less to the nearby institution were 1.5 time more likely to use health facilities. Waiting time at health facilities Almost two-third (62.8%) of pregnant women who visited primary health care or private hospitals for antenatal care is for the reason of promptness of the services (Aigbe Osariemen, 2011). Perceived travelling cost In comparison, among the individuals who perceived travelling cost as cheap ,the health services utilization were 2.5 times likely to be higher than those perceived it as expensive. Need Factors Perceived health status A study in Ethiopia by (Girma et al., 2011) revealed health care utilization was associated with individuals perceived health status. They mentioned that in compared to individuals with good health status, those with poor and very poor health status, utilized 11.7 and 13.1 times more respectively. A study by (Fernandez-Olano et al., 2006) shows that perceived health status affected the health care utilization pattern among elderly people. It can be concluded that 36% of elderly users and 60.2% of non-users graded their health status as good and they reported their health status as fair 46% and 29% respectively. Presence of underlying disease or disability The individuals with disability are 3.3 times likely to use health care services and those who had health problems utilized health care 28 times(Girma et al., 2011). (Liu, Tian, Yao, 2012) studied the effects of health profile on health care services utilization in Taiwan. Health profiles were divided into 4 groups: Relatively Healthy, High Co morbidity, Frail Group and Functional Impairment and they found that, High Co morbidity group had more likely to utilize health care services heavily than Frail Group and Functional Impairment while Relatively Healthy regarded as a reference group. A study in Philippine shows that the need factors have strongly associated with the hospital stay. The patients with intensive cases stayed at hospital longer than ordinary cases(Loquias, Kittisopee, Sakulbamrungsil, 2006) Summary The literature review shows some variables influence the health care utilization of individuals. This study will be included the variables that could possibly affect health care utilization decision of insured workers under Social Security Scheme. RESEARCHMethodology Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework for this study is based on the Andersons Behavior Model for health care utilization. Many studies on health care utilization have been done based on Adersen Behavior Model. The model composes of three main factors; predisposing, enabling and need factors. Predisposing factors are the individuals tendency to utilize health care which include demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status) and social structure (occupation, education, ethnicity, religion). Enabling factors refers to the ability of an individual to make use health services; they include the family and community resources that can affect health care utilization. Need factors is the individuals need for health care by representing perceived health status and present of chronic disease and disability. Predisposing Factors (Socio-demographic) Age Gender Marital status Ethnicity Religion Education status Occupation Enabling Factors Community Resources Distance to health facilities Waiting Time at the clinic Perceived Travelling cost Hospitality of health care personal Satisfaction to the service No. of other hospitals/ clinics near workplace Family Resources Income No. of children (family size) Health Care Utilization Go to social security health facilities Go to private health facilities Go to public health facilities Buy drug from drug store Need Factors Perceived health status Present underlying disease or disabilities Study Design Cross- sectional descriptive quantitative design will be used for this study in order to explore health care utilization pattern among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in tow industrial zones ( Hlaing Thaya and South Dagon) in Yangon, Myanamr. Study Area Yangon is the largest city and formal capital of Myanmar with population approximately 6 million in 2008. The population growth rate of Yangon division is 2.2 percent per annum in 2008 which is higher than national growth rate. The population density is 666 per square kilometer in 2008. As Yangon is logical site for export- oriented lighted manufacturing, it attracts the people from rural to immigrate and settle in the city. Yangon is located on a peninsula near the confluence of the Yangon and Bago rivers, about thirty kilometers north of the Gulf of Martaban. The city has been extended recently to the east, west, and north both for residential and industrial zones. In Yangon Division, there are 45 administrative townships and 33 of them are in Yangon city municipal and administered by Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). The study will conducted in Hlaing Tharyar Townships in Yangon city municipal area. Study Duration The study will be conduct from February to March 2013. Study population The study will be conducted among the insured private workers under the Social Security Scheme in two industrial zones Hlaing Thaya Township Yanagon, Myanmar Sample size The sample size for this study will be calculated based on Yamane (1967: 98-99) formula. n= Nz 2 pq/Nd 2 +z2pq If we assume z =2 (1.96 for the 95% level of reliability), then n = N/ 1+Nd2 n = sample size N= population size d = precision (0.05) z = reliability coefficient p = proportion of the target population utilize health care (assuming that 50%) q =1-p (so q= 50% too) The population of insured workers in Yangon division is approximate 350,000. I calculated my sample size based on the total no. of population and I got 399.49 and 10% is added for non responded participants. So the sample size is 439.49 (340). Sampling techniques The multi-stage sampling method will be employed in this study. Hlaing Thayar industrial zone is purposively selected and the participants will be randomly selected from total study population. Including Criteria The workers from private sectors The workers who are insured under Social Security Scheme (SSS) The workers who are working in Hlaing Tharyar Industrial Zone, Yangon The workers who are over 18 years old Excluding Criteria The workers who are not employed by private factors or firms The workers who are not insured under social security scheme The insured private workers who are not willing to participate in the interview Study variables Dependent Variable The dependent variable will be multinomial variables. Health care utilization will be categorized into 4 categories; 1) go to social security health facilities 2) go to private health facilities 3) go to public health facilities 4) buy drug from drug store. Independent Variables The independent variables are: age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, religion, educational status, occupation, family size, distance from work place to health center, waiting time, perceived travelling cost, hospitality of health care personnel, perceived health status, presence of underlying disease or disability Summarized table of independent variables # Variables Abbreviation Expected Sign 11 Age ( continuous variables) age +/- 22 Gender (dummy variable male=1, female=0) gen +/- 33 Marital status (category dummy variable ms + 44 No. of children (continuous variables) child 55 Ethnicity ( dummy variable Burma=1, other ethnicity=0) eth +/- 66 Religion(dummy variable Buddhist=1, Other religion=0) rg +/- 77 Educational status( category dummy variable primary=0, secondary=1, higher =1) edu + 88 Occupation (category dummy variable. occ +/- 99 Income( continue variable) inc + 110 Distance from work place to health facilities (continue variable) dis 111 Waiting time at health facilities(continue variable) wt 112 Perceived travelling cost (dummy variable expensive=1, cheap=0) ptc 113 Hospitality of health care personnel (dummy variable yes=1, No=0) hhp + 114 Satisfaction to the services (dummy variable yes=1, No=0) sts + 115 No. of health facilities other than social securitys health facilities ( continue variable) nhnw + 116 Perceived health status (category dummy variable excellent=1, good=1, fair=0, poor=1, very poor=0) phs + 117 Presence of underlying disease (dummy variable yes=1, No=0) pud + Multinomial Logistic Regression Model Log(Pr(Y=yi)/Pr(y=0))=ÃŽÂ ²0+ÃŽÂ ²1age+ÃŽÂ ²2gen+ÃŽÂ ²3ms+ÃŽÂ ²4eth+ÃŽÂ ²5rg+ÃŽÂ ²6edu+ÃŽÂ ²7occ+ÃŽÂ ²8 ln(inc)+ ÃŽÂ ²9dis+ ÃŽÂ ²10wt+ ÃŽÂ ²11ptc+ ÃŽÂ ²12hhp+ ÃŽÂ ²13sts+ÃŽÂ ²14nhnw+ÃŽÂ ²15phs+ÃŽÂ ²16pud +ÃŽÂ µi Pilot Testing The pilot test will be conducted in one of the townships in Yangon with the similar characteristic of insured workers before actual survey. The questionnaire will be revised and adjusted based on the results from pilot testing. Data collection tools The primary data will be collected suing the structured questionnaires. About 5 interviewers will be hir

French Revolution vs The Romanian Revolution

French Revolution vs The Romanian Revolution Edy Lipianu Between the result of the French and Romanian Revolutions, which one greaterly affected the nations ideal optimistic perspectives of being a free nation? Well while Romania, which turned into a democratic nation after the dictator Ceaușescus execution, France unfortunately wound up with a military autocracy after Napoleon finished King Louis XVI supreme government. Was Napoleon military rule that awful for the French residents and was the democratic system of Romania even that useful for the Romanians? Looking at the two may help discover which one really turned out to be to a greater degree a free nation after their interesting revolutions.. While France was governed briefly by the famous military pioneer, Napoleon Bonaparte from 1789-1790, his rule was not as unforgiving as King Louis. He brought down charges intensely, permitted laborers to eat, and gave more rights to men, yet very few for ladies, shockingly. He gave individuals an essence of religious flexibility, better instruction, and sensible law. The French Revolution completely changed the social and political structure of France. It finished up the French government and its dread and finished political power from the Catholic church. It passed on an illumination to Europe including flexibility and freedom for the normal individual and furthermore the abolishment of servitude and the benefits of women. In spite of the way that the surprise completed with the climb of Napoleon, the musings and changes did not pass on. These new contemplations continued influencing Europe and shaped an expansive number of Europes front line governments. This was a period of ideological, political and social change in the political history of France and Europe all things considered, in the midst of which the French federation, as of now an inside and out government with primitive advantages for the nobility and Catholic pastorate, experienced radical change to outlines in light of Enlightenment measures of republicanism, citizenship, and rights. These movements were joined by horrible turmoil, including executions and concealment in the midst of the Reign of Terror and battling including each other huge European power. The Revolution was at first an acclaimed uprising against the through and through impact of the ruler and against their advantages and was executed for flexibility, value, and society. In reality, it incited to the loss of flexibility, dictatorship, and patriotism. The revolt relied on upon a hatred of tradition and yearning to use the force of the state to make another demand. People were given better approaches for life as nationals of the state. To crush the impenetrability to revolt and the new demand around 18,000 40,000 people were executed. The Romanian Revolution began as a notable revolt in Timisoara. After Ceaușescu was toppled, an affiliation named National Salvation Front, confined abruptly by second-rank companion party people repudiated to the methodologies of Ceaușescu and non-cooperated individuals in the revolt. Iliescu was promptly perceived as the pioneer of the affiliation and thusly of the transitory master. Romanias new individual in control, who was president from 1988-1996 and gave the subjects of new Romania an essence of vote based flexibility. That is the point at which another constitution was made giving everybody every one of the rights that truly demonstrated to individuals proper methodologies to live similarly in agreement. Iliescu proposed multi-party choices and a special vote based framework. This is extensively held to have inferred the determination of Perestroika-style changes rather than the aggregate ejection of existing establishments; it can be associated with the warm assembl ing the new organization was given by Mikhail Gorbachev and the straggling leftovers of the Soviet activity and the way that the fundamental post-dynamic overall comprehension set apart by Romania was with that country. Iliescu did not deny Communist reasoning and the program he at initially showed in the midst of the revolution included reconstructing the cultivating and the revision of trade, yet not a change to private enterprise. These points of view were held by various people from the FSN as well, for instance, Silviu Brucan, who declared in mid-1990 that the change was against Ceaușescu, not against socialism. Iliescu later evoked the probability of endeavoring a Swedish model of socialism. Gossipy tidbits prospered for a significant long time that Iliescu and other second-rank Communists had been needing to topple Ceaușescu, in any case, the events of December 1989 overpowered them. For instance, Nicolae Militaru, the new organizations first insurance serve, said that Iliescu and others had needed to take Ceaușescu prisoner in February 1990 while he was Out of the capital. Regardless, Iliescu denies this, saying the method for the Ceaușescu organization-particularly the Securitates ubiquity-made early plan for a miracle everything aside from outlandish. The French were soothed from King Louis XVIs total government and that was certainly a decent begin for their nation, everything showed signs of improvement in little ways, and individuals got the chance to live feeling free, they thought Napoleon was a saint. Napoleon had a broad and intense impact on the present day world, conveying liberal changes to the various domains that he vanquished and controlled, for example, the Low Countries, Switzerland, and extensive parts of cutting edge Italy and Germany. He executed central liberal arrangements in France and all through Western Europe.His lawful accomplishment, the Napoleonic Code, has affected the legitimate frameworks of more than 70 countries around the globe. Both of the nations ended up effectively showing signs of improvement after their insurgencies. Be that as it may, between the result of the French and Romanian Revolutions, Romania greaterly affected the nations general hopeful perspectives of being a free nation. Romania, which turned into a law based nation after the tyrant Ceaușescus execution, gave individuals more rights and everybody was equivalent. To the degree of opportunity, Romanias Revolution improved the nation a much place for its inhabitants. SOURCES: Book: Napoleon: A Life The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny by Ian Davidson http://www.becparlamentare2008.ro/rezul/part_tara_100.pdf http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d3be5f1a-ee6e-11db-b5e9-000b5df10621.html https://archive.org/stream/codenapoleonorf00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT00000607072 1dateTexte=20080121 http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20050526.shtml http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/august10.html https://books.google.com/?id=bFQ6VO1sFGsCpg=PA139lpg=PA139dq=G ospriyomka+gorbachev#v=onepageq=Gospriyomka%20gorbachevf=false http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/40551/seweryn-bialer-and-joan-afferica/sp ecial-supplement-the-genesis-of-gorbachevs-world https://books.google.com/books?id=9O15MzNKMuoClpg=PP1pg=PA89#v= onepageqf=false http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/politica/Ce_s-a_ales_de_primul_Guvern_postd Ecembrist_0_617938566.html http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/romania/tudor.html http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mineriadele-anului-1990-democratia-sub-bate-898037.html http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123270568/abstract http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405364/National-Salvation-Front EXTRAS http://www.history5

Napoleon a Hero Essay -- History

Napoleon a Hero Hero A person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially One who has risked or sacrificed his or her life: Introduction Napoleon Bonaparte was a patriotic and passionate man. He was a military genius who indelibly stamped his personality on an era. His theories about waging war, his conduct of campaigns, and battlefield tactics all became benchmarks for military commanders throughout the 19th century and today. â€Å"If I shall be defeated here this day it would be by the greatest general in the modern world† (Field Marshall Lord Wellington cited in Vandalia 1963:78) "There are but two powers in the world, the sword and the mind. In the long run the sword is always beaten by the mind." (Napoleon Bonaparte cited in Vandalia, 1963: title page). Napoleons men were always clothed properly and were payed generously. Napoleon was a natural public speaker and had an excellent power of persuasion. Bonaparte was a very intelligent man who believed wars are won by precise planning. Napoleons Empire spread through most of Europe and for the first few years of his reign he did this with ease. He treated his men as human beings, not as lesser beings like his English opponent. First Paragraph Napoleon started his military career as a junior officer in the French artillery; he was well noted for his commitment to his duty and his efficiency in his work. Bonaparte was a passionate man who always put his own life on the line if h...

Adhoc Networks Essay -- essays research papers

Reliable Broadcasting in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks ABSTRACT In a mobile ad-hoc network, providing a reliable broadcast is one of the most important requirements. In broadcasting, a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the network. Broadcasting operation is expected to be executed more frequently in mobile ad-hoc networks MANETs. So the number of retransmissions in the broadcast has to be minimized. The reliable broadcast service ensures that all the hosts in the network deliver the same set of messages to the upper layer. The protocols that are used in wired networks are unsuitable for deployment on MANETs, as these do not take into account the node mobility, network load and congestion. There have been a lot of protocols which are proposed for reliable broadcasting in MANETs. A straight forward way is by Simple Flooding [1, 2] which is very costly and very inefficient. The other protocols are Probability based methods [3], Area Based Methods [3] and Neighbor Knowledge Methods [4, 5, 6 and 7]. Also, efficiency and reliability conflict with each other. Hence it is hard to achieve both at a time with just one scheme. This paper will aim at proposing improvements for reliable broadcasting in MANETs. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION The drastic improvements in the wireless communications and portable wireless devices have made mobile computing a reality. Recently, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has attracted a lot of attention and research. MANETs are made of a group of independent mobile hosts which communicate with each other. A mobile host may not be able to communicate directly with all the other hosts. So, the packets traverse various intermediate nodes before reaching the destination. All the nodes in the network assist in routing. The ad-hoc networks are created dynamically on the fly. The hosts are allowed to move around in the network. Routing protocols in ad-hoc networks should provide means to deliver packets to destination nodes given these dynamic topologies. Applications of MANETs occur in battle-fields, major disaster and some business environments where networks need to be deployed immediately without any base stations or fixed networks. Broadcasting is process by which a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the entire network. Broadcasting operation is expected to be exe... ...-aodv-02.txt [11] LANMAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Standard 802.11-1997, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications (November 1997). [12] S. Ni, Y. Tseng, Y. Chen, and J. Sheu, â€Å"The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network,† Proc. of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM’99, pp. 151–162, Aug. 1999. [13] M. Impett, M. S. Corson, and V. Park, â€Å"A receiver-oriented approach to reliable broadcast ad hoc networks,† Proc. of Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC’2000), vol. 1, pp. 117–122, 2000. [14] W. Peng and X. Lu. On the reduction of broadcast redundancy in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of MOBIHOC, 2000. [15] W. Peng and X. Lu. Efficient broadcast in mobile ad hoc networks using connected dominating sets. Journal of Software - Beijing, China, 1999. [16] S. Y. Cho, J. H. Sin, B. I. Mun. Reliable broadcast scheme initiated by receiver in ad hoc networks. LCN '03. Proceedings. 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on 20-24 Oct. 2003 Page(s):281 – 282. [17] W. Lou and J. Wu. Double-covered broadcast (DCB): A simple reliable broadcast algorithm in manets. In IEEE Infocom, 2004.

Project Report on Kmf, Dharwad by Samarth

2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2. 1 INTRODUCTION DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of farmer. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. Dairy is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. Animal husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a rural occupation closely associated with agriculture. 2. 1. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA During the Pre-independence year there was no serious stress given to dairy industry.In 1886 the Department of Defense of the British Government established the dairy farms for the supply of milk to the British troops in Allahabad. Later, in 1920 serious steps were taken by Mr. William Smith, an expert in dairy forming to improve the milk production There was discrimination done to the Indians hence this led to the rise of the first milk union in India. In Lucknow in 1937 called the Lucknow milk producer’s Co-operative union Ltd. In 1946 AMUL (Anand Milk Udyog Ltd) was started in Gujarat to bring up the economic stability of villagers.When the farmer Prime Minister Lal Bahaddur Shastri visited the functioning as it was rendering a social service to the society, which helped the villagers to come in the national economic stream. The dairy and Animal Husbandry received serious attention after the independence. There were lots many of progressive steps taken by the government through five year plans. This led to the formation of National Dairy Development Board in 1965 & thus in 1970 he decided to Bring a â€Å" White Revolution† throughout the country, Initially 10 states were selected were for this purpose excluding Karnataka.In Karnataka in 1974 an integrated project was launched to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on Co-operative principle of AMUL and to lay foundation for new direction in dairy industry. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE India's high-value, high-volume market for traditional dairy prod ucts and delicacies is all set to boom further under the technology of mass production. This market is the largest in value after liquid milk and is estimated at US $3 billion in India. More and more dairy plants in the public, cooperative and private sectors in India are going in for the manufacture of traditional milk products.This trend will undoubtedly give a further stimulus to the milk consumption in the country and ensure a better price to primary milk producers. Simultaneously, it will also help to productively utilize India's growing milk surplus. Milk production in India increased from 17 million tons in 1950-51 to 89. 6 million tons in 2007-08. India has rapidly positioned itself as the world's largest producer of milk. Producing milk in rural areas through smallholder producer cooperatives and moving industrially-processed milk from these smallholder sources to urban demand centers became the cornerstone of government dairy development policy.This policy initiative gave a boost to dairy development and initiated the process of establishing the much-needed linkages between rural producers and urban consumers. The performance of the Indian dairy sector during the past three decades has been truly impressive. Milk production grew at an average annual rate of 4. 6 percent during the 1970s, 5. 7 percent during the 1980s, and 4. 2 percent during the 1990s. Despite its being the largest milk producer in the world, India's per capita availability of milk is one of the lowest in the world, although it is high by developing country standards.The per capital availability of milk expanded substantially during the 1980s and 1990s and reached about 226 grams per day in 2003-04 the per capita consumption of milk and milk products in India is among the highest in Asia, but it is still growing. It is still below the world average of 285 grams per day, and also the minimum nutritional requirement of 280 grams per day as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical R esearch (ICMR). Several factors have contributed to increased milk production. First, milk and dairy products have cultural significance in the Indian diet.A large portion of the population is lacto-vegetarian, so milk and dairy products are an important source of protein in the diet. The demand for milk and dairy products is income-responsive, and growth in per capita income is expected to increase demand for milk and milk products. Despite the fact that dairy production in India is widespread throughout the country and overwhelmingly carried out by small-scale producers, there are still large interregional and interstate variations in milk production.Roughly two-thirds of national milk production comes from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. However, there have been some shifts in milk production shares of different states. In 2001-02, Uttar Pradesh was the largest milk producer in the country, with ab out 16. 5 million tons of milk, followed by Punjab (8. 4 million tons), Rajasthan (6. 3 million tons), Madhya Pradesh (6. 1 million tons), Maharashtra (6 million tons), and Gujarat (5. 6 million tons).The eastern region is lagging behind in terms of dairy development, and imports milk from surplus areas in the West and North. 2. 1. 2 INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE The annual milk production is presently 92 million tones, contributing around Rs. 1000 billion to the GDP. Provides assured and remunerative employment round-the-year to 60 million families. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India.The Animal Husbandry is the single largest contributor under the agriculture sector which provides a remunerative employment round the year at a very small investment. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India. These livestock keepers are constrained by poor animal health and veterinary services, lack of feed and fodder, water, milk handling, chilling, etc. Besides, there has been lack of infrastructure facilities such as good roads and access to markets, etc.The livestock keepers also lack access to advanced technologies as well as proper institutional support system. The result is that both the production and productivity remain well below its potentials. Thus the losses and wastages continue to remain high. Adapted breeds and local feed resources although available, but need proven technology supports in its preservation and processing. Such support would substantially improve production and productivity, which would result in higher income for the livestock keepers.One of the problems faced by India is unemployment, despite the rapid growth rate. The problem is more acute in rural educated and marginally educated youths, who have no alternative but to migrate to urban areas. Due to automation in various core sectors, the employment opportunities have dwindled considerably whereas the service sector has its own limitations, especially the high investment cost per job created. In this context, the dairy industry offers a plausible opportunity of creation of self-employment with minimum investment.There is a scope for doubling the present milk production, which can be achieved with marginal investment, such a step would not only enhance milk production and productivity, but also would create millions of additional jobs. Dairying is, in fact, a supplementary activity of the marginal farmers and the landless laborers. It is therefore suggested that dairy and such other animal farming be included within the legal framework of ‘agriculture and agriculture products’. This would enable the marginal farmers and the landless agriculture laborers to b enefit from the various government incentives.Milk is no more a luxury, but essential nutritional requirements of human being. The children largely depend on milk for nutrition. Higher milk production therefore will also increase the health status of the farmers and people at large. Due to several inherent reasons, the cost of milk production is high. One of the important reasons is low animal productivity. Because of high cost, the milk and milk products are not affordable to poor strata of the society. Milk is a perishable commodity. Hence, its conversion to products, such as, milk powder, butter and cheese, etc. s necessary. Considering these factors, it is reasonable that at par with agriculture produce, the milk products be also exempted from any excise duty, sales tax and such other taxes. This gesture of the government would go a long way in accelerating the growth of the Indian dairy industry from present annual rate of around 4. 5 % to more than 9%. The conversion of excess milk to milk-products is a necessity. The basic principle here is evaporation of water which changes its physical form only, whereas there is no change whatsoever in its chemical composition.One of the reasons of higher cost of milk and milk products is the cost of packaging. To safeguard the quality and safety for human consumption, packaging of milk and milk product is necessary. The milk product manufacturing therefore should be construed as ‘processing milk for preservation’ and it should be exempted from all the taxes and duties like excise, central sales tax and octroi etc. To enhance milk production during the next five years as well as to address the issues referred in the foregoing sentences, there is an imperative need of policy support from the government on the following core areas ?Clean and quality milk production, processing and packaging ? Boost the exports of milk and milk products ? Enhance milk production and mulch animal productivity   2. 1. 3 Ind ian Dairy: The organized sector is expanding rapidly. India’s modern dairy sector has expanded rapidly. From an insignificant 200,000 liters per day (lpd) of milk being processed in 1951, the organized sector is presently handling some 20 million lpd in over 400 dairy plants. Already, one of the world’s largest liquid milk plants is located in Delhi and handling over 800,000 liters of milk per day (Mother Dairy, Delhi).India's first automated dairy ‘Mother Dairy ‘ has been established at Gandhi agar near Ahmadabad, Gujarat, in Western India and its capacity is capacity is 1 million lpd. It is owned by India’s biggest dairy cooperative group, in Anand, with an annual turnover in excess of Rs 23 billion (US $500 million). Amul-III with its satellite dairies, with total installed capacity of 1. 5 million lpd has also been commissioned. India's first vertical dairy (capacity: 400,000 lpd), owned by the Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation (PCDF) has be en commissioned at Noida, outside DelhiDairy is a place where handling of milk and milk products is done and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. In India, dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi-commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and co-operative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Indian Dairy Industry has made rapid progress since Independence. A large number of modern milk plants and product factories have since been established.These organized dairies have been successfully engaged in the routine commercial production of pasteurized bottled milk and various Western and Indian dairy products. With modern knowledge of the protection of milk during transportation, it became possible to locate dairies where land was less expensive and crops could be grown more economically. 2. 2 DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE †¢ Human population: 953 million (70 million dairy farmers) †¢ Milk production: 74. 3 million tonnes (203. 5 million lpd) †¢ Average annual growth rate (1995-2000): 5. 6% Per capita milk availability: 214 g/day or 78 kg/year †¢ Milk animals: 57 million cows; 39 million buffaloes: †¢ Milk yield per breed able bovine in-milk: 1,250 kg †¢ Cattle feed production (organized sector): 1. 5 million tonnes †¢ Turnover of veterinary pharmaceuticals: Rs. 550 crores †¢ Dairy plants throughput: 20 mlpd Specific features of dairy in relation to marketing in developing countries The dairy industry in the developing countries has a number of specific features which distinguish it from the other sectors of agriculture and have particular implications for marketing.First, milk consists of over 85% water, and produced daily. Consequently, high costs of transportation are incurred per unit of output marketed. Also, milk being highly perishable, it needs to be used wit hin a short period or processed and transformed into a more stable, longer-storable form. The quality of milk depends on farm management practices, and milk is potentially subject to adulteration, so strict and comprehensive quality regulations may be necessary when marketing involves more than direct delivery by producers to consumers.Second, the vast majority of the dairy farmers are small-scale producers, who produce milk as a source of regular cash income. Dairy production is a labor-intensive enterprise, and dairy marketing activities often provide substantial employment. However, because of asset fixity (high percentage of fixed costs), dairy enterprises often respond to market changes and incentives in a limited and gradual way. Third, milk can be used to make a wide range of high quality palatable and nutritious products, which often imply substantial value added over the cost of the raw material.When production and consumption points are far apart and demand increase rapidl y, processing of dairy products becomes very important. Fourth, as a consequence of the above features of milk and the market vulnerability of its producers, cooperatives may assume a strong position in milk processing. A survey by the International Dairy Federation in 1984 revealed that in 21 developed countries together accounting for 55% of the world's milk supply, producer cooperatives marketed 86% of total sales of milk from farm to the first handler.In some of these countries, cooperatives also handled 80-90% of the total processing activity. It may be noted that the history of development of dairy cooperatives in these countries are not always similar. However, in most developing countries, dairy producer cooperatives and cooperative processing are either non-existent or very weak. The need for cooperatives in these countries is driven by the need to capture some economies of scale in transportation and processing where numerous small producers are scattered far away from the consumption centers.In many countries, this gap has been filled by establishment of parasitical dairy enterprises for collection and processing of milk to promote domestic dairy. In most cases, these enterprises ended up processing subsidized imported dairy products, neglecting the rural dairy sector. The monopolistic character of these enterprises often led to inefficiency thus they failed to serve the interests of domestic producers and consumers. Weaknesses in physical and marketing links between rural producers and urban processors and consumers are among the major constraints to dairy development in the developing countries.It is important to be aware of and understand how such constraints can be addressed in order to devise mechanisms that can transfer growing urban demand into increased livestock production. Inadequate infrastructure and inefficient marketing may lead to increased transactions costs and/or market failure. By better understanding these costs and identifying t he ways of reducing their impact, policy prescriptions can be made to promote economic development by fostering production and trade. 2. 3 NATIONAL DARIY DEVELOPMENT BOARD: 2. 3. 1 History:The NDDB was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with Modernity, Stagnation with growth, transforming dairy into and instrument for the development of Indian’s rural people. The NDDB was established in 1965; the board is registered under the Societies Registration Act and the public Trust Act, fulfilling the desire of the Prime Minister of India – the late Lal Bahaddur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Co-operative Milk producers union (AMUL) TO OTHER PARTS OF India. Dr Vergese Kurien was the founder chairman.The success combined the wisdom & energy of farmers with professional management to successful capture liquid milk and milk product markets while supporting farmer’s investment with inputs and services. In 1969, when the Government of Indi a approved the Operation Flood programme and it’s financing through the monetization of World Food Programme-gifted commodities, it was found that the statutes under which NDDB was registered did not provide for handling of government funds. Therefore, in 1970 the government established a public-sector company, the Indian Dairy Corporation.The IDC was given responsibility for receiving the project’s donated commodities; testing their quality; their storage and transfer to user dairies and receiving the dairy payments. Thus it served as finance-cum-promotion entity while the entire Operation Flood technical support was provided by NDDB. To avoid any duplication in their activities or overlap of functions, the IDC and NDDB were eventually merged into a newly constituted NDDB by an Act of Parliament passed in October 1987. 2. 3. 2 The Growth: NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle to a better future for millions of gross roots milk produce rs.The mission archived helped to launce ‘’Operation Flood’’, a programmed extending over 26 years and with the help of World Bank Loan India become the world’s largest milk producing country. As per March 2001 India’s 96000 Dairy Co-operative are integrated thorough a three Tier Co-operative structure. The Anand pattern, which is owned by more than 10 million formers, procures an average of 1605 million liters of milk every day. The milk is processed and marketed by 170 milk producers’ co-operative unions which, in turn own 15 state co-operative milk marketing federation.Since its establishment the dairy development board has planned and spearheaded India’s Dairy programmer by placing dairy development in the hands of milk producers and the professionals they employ to manage their co-operatives. In addition, NDDB also promotes other commodity based co-operative, allied industries and veterinary biologically on an intensive and nationwide basis. 2. 3. 3 Objectives of NDDB: ? To sponsor, promote, manage, acquire, construct or control any plant or work, which promote projects of general public utility relation to dairying. To make information available on request to technical services to increase production of Milk. ? To prepare initial feasibility studies of dairying and other dairy related projects and undertake subsequent designing planning and start up those projects. ? To undertake research and development programmed related to production and marketing of milk and milk products. ? To provide assistance for exchange of information to other international agencies. 2. 3. 4 Services rendered by NDDB: †¢ Planning dairy and rural development projects. †¢ Organization of farmer co-operative societies. Setting up of dairy and cattle feed plants. †¢ Manpower planning and training. †¢ Applied research and development. †¢ Implementation of milk production enchantment programmed. 2. 3. 5 O bjectives of the study: The objectives of the study were; 1. To study the overall functioning of the organization with help of organization structure. 2. To know about the milk procurement and processing. 3. To study about the area of operation and channels of distribution system. 4. To study their marketing Plans and sales promotional activities. 3 COMPANY PROFILECOMPANY NAME: Dharwad Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd. Lakkammanahalli, Industrial Area. P. B Road Dharwad-580004 NATURE OF BUSINESS : Mfg / Service / Semi-agro based Co-operative Unit. TYPE OF OWNERSHIP : Co-Operative Unit. TEL-NO : 0836-2467643, 2461876, 2468380. RAW MATERIAL Milk : 85,000 LPD Water 5 to 6 lack liters/day Coal 4 to 5 tones. CAPACITY OF PLANT: 2, 00,000 Liter’s / Day 12 Tones milk powder, 10 T Butter, 6 T Ghee. FINISHEDPRODUCTS: Milk, Butter, Ghee, Gurtz, Peda, Milk powder, Ice creams, Curd, Lassi, Khova. TOTAL INVEST: 7 Crores TOTAL SOCIETIES AT VILLAGE LEVEL : 460 Societies 3. 1 BOARD OF DI RECTORS 1. Shri B N Arabgond. Chairman 2. Dr M N Venkatramu. Managing Director 3. Shri N S Asuti. Director. 4. Shri G M Morbad. Director. 5. Shri A M Desai. Director. 6. Shri S M Hadagali. Director. 7. Shri R N Davagi. Director. 8. Shri U M Hegade. Director. 9. Shri G G Hegade. Director. 10. Govt Dept Officers. 5 Members. 11. Govt Nominated. 3 Members. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION (KMF) [pic] 3. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION: The first dairy in Karnataka was started in Kudige in Kodagu district in 1955, further in June 1974; an integrated project was launched in Karnataka to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on the co-operative principle and to lay foundation for a new direction in dairy development. In 1975, the World Bank aided dairy development was initiated. The present Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) came into existence in 1984-as a result of merging of Karnataka Dairy Development Co-operation, small co-operatives and Karnataka Milk Production Development and loose vendors .At the end of the March 1998, the network of 8023 Diary Co-operative Societies (DCS) have been established which are spread over 166 taluks of the total 175 taluks in all 28 districts of Karnataka. There are 13 Milk Unions and Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one among them. There are 35 Chilling centers, 3 Farm coolers, 15 Liquid milk plants and 2 Product dairies for chilling, processing, conservation and marketing of milk. To supply cattle feed there are 4 cattle feed plants. To ensure supply of quality germ plasma Bull breeding farm and frozen semen bank are also available. 3. 2. 1 Karnataka co-operative Milk Producers’ Federation Limited (KMF)KMF is the apex Body in Karnataka representing Dairy Cooperatives. It is the third largest dairy co-operative amongst the dairy co-operatives in the country. To impart training, institutes at Bangalore and regional training institutes at Dharwad and Gulbarga are functioning. Three nitrogen plants (2 plants of 25 CPM and 1 plant of 5 CPM) are been set-up to supply nitrogen, which is used for Refrigeration purpose. Three diagnostic centers have been set-up for monitoring diseases: three fodder farms at Rajkunte, Kuttanahalli and Kodagu have been set-up to supply good quality of fodder and seed production farm at Shahapur has been set-up.The federation giving details of the latest technology in dairy industry etc is published ‘’Ksheer Sagar’’ magazine monthly. 3. 2. 3 UNITS OF KMF: KMF has the following Units functioning directly under its control: ? Mother Dairy, Yelahanka, Bangalore. ? Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan. ? Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm & Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta. ? Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli. ? Central Training Institute at KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Quality Control Lab at KMF Complex, Bangalore.List of Co-operative Milk Producers’ Societies Union: [pic] KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka for representing dairy organizations and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve the following objectives. †¢ Providing assured and remunerative market for all the milk produced by the farmer members. †¢ Providing hygienic milk to urban consumers. †¢ To build village level institutions in co-operative sector to manage the dairy activities. †¢ To ensure provision of milk production inputs, processing facilities and dissemination of know-how. To facilitate rural development by providing opportunities for self-employment at village level, preventing migration to urban areas, etc. 3. 2. 4 FUNCTIONS OF KMF: †¢ Co-ordination of activities between the unions. †¢ Developing the markets for the increasing in milk production. †¢ To make the brand ‘’Nandini’’ as a house hold name. †¢ Excellence in quality is to be maintained to lay a solid foundation for wide Spread acceptance of ‘’Nandini’’ products. †¢ To increase the market share of ‘’Nandini’’. THE GROWTH PROCESS: The growth over the years and activities undertaken by KMF is summarized briefly hereunder: Growth of KMF   Descriptions |  Units |1976-1977   |2009-2010 | |  Dairy Co-operatives |  Nos   |  416 |11063 | |  Membership  Ã‚   |  Nos |  37000 |1956163 | |  Milk Procurement  Ã‚   |  Kgs/day |  50000   |3025940 | |  Milk Sales  Ã‚   |  Lts/day |  95050   |2129790/curd:1. 7LKPD | |  Cattle Feed Consumed   |  Kgs/DCS   |  220 |3010 | |  Daily Payment to Farmers   |  Rs. Lakhs   |  0. 90 |342 | |  Turnover   |  Rs. Crores   |   |2707. 00 | Source: DHARWAD MILK UNION [pic] Dharwad District Co-operative Milk Producer’s Societies Union Ltd. The Union was established in the year 1986 under the Operation Flood 2 and 3.The Union a lso later took over in 1988 the Milk Products Factory with a drying capacity of 2. 10 Lakh Litres per day, earler established by the Karnataka milk Products Limited (GOK Undertaking). The Union covers the districts of Dharwad, Karwar, Haveri, and Gadag, and has chilling centres at Gadag, Haveri, Sirsi,, Ron, Nargund, Hirekerur, and Kumta with chilling capacity of 1. 20 Lakh Litres Per Day. The Union procures and sells on an average 0. 92 Lakh per Day and 0. 59 Lakh Liters Per Day respectively. There are 7 Bulk Milk Coolers in the Union.Apart from selling milk, I sells pure buffalo milk and produces very thick 250gm Curds in mud pots specially designed for this namely â€Å"KUDIKE MOSARU†, the famous Dharwad Peda, Butter in bulk as well as in retail packs and in 10 gm chip sets, Ghee, Skimmed Milk Powder and Paneer. Establishment: The Dharwad Milk Union is Co-operative society among the 13 establishments, under KMF: The Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is located in the spacious 25 acres of land, located in Lakamanahalli Industrial Area; adjacent to the National Highway-4. It is patterned the AMUL Milk Dairy, Gujarat.NATURE AND BUSINESS CARRIED: The Nature of Dharwad Milk Union is that procuring the Milk from societies. And that milk will be bringing through tankers for various chilling centers those, which are near and convenient to various societies. The Union processes the milk and market in urban area through by various agents. The Union providing service to milk producer's technical inputs like veterinary services, seeds, fodder etc. and also by giving training to farmer and also induction program. The Union strengthening of milk cooperative movement, organization of extension activities and the rural development services.The Union also owns and operates the dairy plant cattle feed plant; fodder and bull mother forms, semen collection station, and herd quarter center for animal husbandry activities. The Un ion also takes research, development and also other promotional activities for the overall benefit of the farmer. The Union providing various product to market like toned milk, standard milk, full creamed milk, double toned milk, homogeneous standard milk, along with cheese curd, ghee, peda also providing. This is the nature and business carried of the Shivamoga milk Union. 3. 3 VISIONS MISSION AND QUALITY POLICY:VISION STATEMENT OF DMU ? Total quality ? Honesty ? Discipline ? Cleanliness ? Transparency ? Sincerity and dedication ? Co-operation free of politics ? Sovereignty ? Respecting each other's, opinions, ideas & feelings. MISSION STATEMENT OF DMU: Dharwad Milk Union is committed to provide maximum possible price for the milk supplied by its members and provide necessary inputs to enhance milk production while ensuring economic viability of the Union and is also committed to provide quality milk products to consumers and emerge as one of the top most milk union of the co-opera tive dairy industry in the country.At DMU we Endeavor to satisfy the taste and nutritional requirements of the customers. Through excellence in marketing by DMU committed team, DMU are committed to offering quality products that provide best value for money. PUNCH LINE: â€Å"FRESH AND PURE â€Å" DMU QUALITY OBJECTS AND QUALITY POLICY: QUALITY OBJECTS: 1) To develop the quality consciousness among all the producers or employees of the union. 2) To implement the cost reduction in each stage of collection processing and distribution. 3) Make every one aware of the every conservation in dairy. ) To maximize the customers complaints and achieve customer satisfaction. 5) To set goals or targets at all levels to achieve continuous improvement. 6) To train our workman from time to time for exposure to advanced technology for efficient operations. 7) To provide adequate infrastructure facility for improving the work environment. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES: Infrastructure facilities in DMU , they have these won chilling center and they can distribute milk with the capacity of covering the 11 routes and the capacity is 2, 00,00LPD. Other facilities like: ? Security facilities Canteen facilities ? Shift: Three shift per day. ? Manual punching card and computer entries will be there DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED. Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. DMU was Rs. 7 crore Projects of which Government has Rs. 2Crosre of share capital and authorized capital of DMU is Rs. 5crore. DMU formed 551 milk producer's co-operative societies in Dharwad, Gadag,and Haveri and Uttar Kannada districts.The production capacity of DMU is 2lack liters of milk per day and also has the capacity to produce 12tones of milk powder, 10tones of butter, and 6tones of ghee per day. DMU is collecting 85 thousand liter s of milk per day from its societies and sells 60 thousand liters of milk per day and the remaining milk is used for producing milk products. History: A group of experienced officers, appointed by the Karnataka Milk Federation surveyed the whole of Dharwad districts (includes two newly formed district Gadag and Haveri) and Uttar Karnataka. Further they found out there as a need for a Milk Dairy.They traveled the surrounding villages, educated the villagers about Milk and Milk Products and the benefits they would get from the Milk Dairy. Seeing the overwhelming response and untapped resources and the huge market the Federation decided to setup the Milk Union in 1984, known as the DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. Functions of DMU:The main function of DMU is to procu re milk from villagers and pay them the right price. †¢ To educate the villagers about milk and its quality. †¢ To make ‘Nandini' as a part of daily life. †¢ To provide good quality of cattle feed, fodder, veterinary aid seeds, etc. , to the villagers. †¢ To see that the DCS's are carrying out their activities properly and in an efficient manner. †¢ To see that the milk is brought from DCS's to the chilling centers in the prescribed time. †¢ To look the accounts of the DCS's supervise the purchase process and market the milk and milk products. Objectives of DMU: Providing hygienic and good quality of milk to the consumers. †¢ To build the economic strength of the milk producers in villagers. †¢ To eliminate middlemen's in the business so that the milk producers receive their appropriate share of bread. †¢ To educate the villagers about the adulteration of milk and its harmful effect on the body. †¢ To see that every citizen bec omes healthy by consuming good quality of milk. †¢ To make villagers self-viable and build self image. GOALS OF THE DMU †¢ Generating employment opportunity for rural mass †¢ Procurements of good milk †¢ Supplying quality milk to the customer in the city for appropriate priceProcess at DMU: The milk collected at DCS's is brought to the center through carriers, trucks etc. The quality and quantity of milk bought is checked at the Reception center by a supervisor. A sample of milk is taken and is tested in a laboratory for fat content, Solid Not Fat (SNF) acidity etc. As the milk is at room temperature it is to be brought down to 4 °C to 5 degree C. So that it may check the growth of bacteria. To ensure this milk is passed through a chilling chamber where the milk is chilled. Its temperature is bought down and then the milk is stored in a tank called as â€Å"Ram Milk Tank†.From this tank the milk is pumped to a pasteurizing cell where the milk is heated u p to 72 °C and 15 seconds, so that all the bacteria and microorganisms may be killed and then the milk is simultaneously cooled to 4 °C to 5 degree C and is stored in a â€Å"Pasteurized Milk Tank† . PRODUCT PROFILE Milk Products 1. Nandini Toned milk: Nandini Toned Fresh and Pure milk containing 3. 0% fat and 8. 5% SNF. Available in 500ml and 1litre packs. 2. Nandini Homogenized toned milk: Nandini Homogenized Milk is pure milk which is homogenized and pasteurized. Consistent right through, it gives you more cups of tea or coffee and is easily digestible. . Full cream milk: Full Cream milk. Containing 6% Fat and 9 % SNF. A rich, creamier and tastier milk, Ideal for preparing home-made sweets & savories . 4. Good life: Cow's pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in a tamper-proof tetra-fino pack which keeps this milk fresh for 60 days without refrigeration until opened. Available in 500ml Fino and in 200ml Bricks. 4. Nandini Ghee: A taste of purity. Nandini Ghee made fro m pure butter. It is fresh and pure with a delicious flavor. Hygienically manufactured and packed in a special pack to retain the goodness of pure ghee.Shelf life of 6 months at ambient temperatures. Available in 200ml, 500ml, 1000ml sachets, 5lts tins and 15. 0 kg tins 5. Nandini Curd: Nandini Curd made from pure milk. It's thick and delicious. Giving you all the goodness of homemade curds. Available in 200gms and 500gms sachet. 6. Nandini Peda: No matter what you are celebrating! Made from pure milk, Nandini Peda is a delicious treat for the family. Store at room temperature approximately 7 days Available in 250gms pack containing 10 pieces each. 10. Butter: Rich, smooth and delicious. Nandini Butter is made out of fresh pasteurized cream.Rich taste, smooth texture and the rich purity of cow's milk makes any preparation a delicious treat. Available in 100gms (salted), 200gms and 500gms cartons both salted and unsalted. Product Processing Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, cl ean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals, excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums-free and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat and milk-solids-not-fat.In India, the term ‘milk', when unqualified, refers to cow or buffalo milk, or a combination of the two. [pic] PRODUCT PROCESSING [pic] SOURCE: DHARWAD MILK UNION |Status |A co-operative society registered under the Co-operative act 1959 | |Nature of Business |Procuring and Marketing of Milk Production and Sale of Milk Products | |Share Capital |5 corers Approx. |Plant Capacity |2 Lakhs Liters / day | | |Milk Powder 12 MT /Day | | |Butter 10 MT / Day | | |Ghee 6 MT / Day | |Milk Chilling Centers and Capacity |Gagad 20000 LPD | | |Haveri 20000 LPD | | |Hirekerur 20000 LPD | | |Naragund 8000 LPD | | |Ron 10000 LPD | | |Sirsi 20000 LPD | |Karwar pac king unit |The milk in bulk is sent for packing and distribution at Karwar Which supplies and | | |need of Karwar, Gokama, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Murdeshwar and Goa | Present Value of Activity |Collection of Milk 85000 LPD | | |Sale of Milk 70000 LPD | |Area of Operation |Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Uttar Karnataka, Goa Parts of Maharashtra | |Board of Directors |Elected Member 8 | | |Ex-Officers 5 | | |By Govt. 3 | |Total Workers |383 Workers |Location |Lakamanahalli Industrial Area, Dharwad | |Department |8 | |Brand Name |Nandini | |Products |Milk | | |Toned Milk, Standard Milk, Shubham Milk | | |Milk Products | | |Butter, Ghee, Peda, Curd, Lassi, Paneer, Milk Powder | |Co-operative Societies at Village Level |460 Societies | 3. 4 LAYOUT OF COMPANY: This is the plant existence in industrial area lakkamanahalli in PB Road. [pic] STRATEGIES OF DMU The Dharwad Milk Union has the following set of strategies, which will be formulated every year. The present year has the following strate gies. The strategies are formulated with the help of KMF and NDDB and the union members.Below are the strategies set for this year. STRATEGIES OF PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: †¢ To establish 10 new unions in this year. †¢ Aims at procuring an average of 70,000 liters of milk. †¢ Aims at establishing 15 Artificial Insemination Centers in village units. †¢ Aims at marketing 6080 metric tons of â€Å"Nandini† fodder for cattle. †¢ Aims of setting up of 1296 Veterinary Treatment Camps. †¢ Aims at providing Vaccination to 50,000 cattle against Food and Mouth Diseases. †¢ Making more milk to powder this year. STRATEGIES OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT †¢ To Check Labor absenteeism. †¢ To take actions against in-disciplined workers. †¢ To reduce the intake daily workers for petty jobs. Aims at helping the employees to become more responsible towards their work. STRATEGIES OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Aims at processing an average of 1. 10 lakh liters of milk daily Aims at producing | Tons | Products | | 1338 | Milk powder | | 245. 74 | Butter | | 857. 24 | Bulk Butter | | 135. 52 | Ghee | | 48. 22 | Peda | | 19. 6 | Paneer | | 537. 24 | Curds | There have been plans set to reduce the SNF and FAT content in the milk so as to protect the quality of the milk. STRATEGIES OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT †¢ Aims at marketing the above products through proper Distribution Channels. †¢ Aims to conduct 52 Consumer Awareness Programs and various Seminars. †¢ Aims at conducting 10 wholesalers' retailers meeting. †¢ Aims at setting 10 Exclusive NANDINII Milk Parlors. †¢ Aiming to set up new advertisements strategies like putting up of hoardings. †¢ Distributing Pamphlets, contests etc. †¢ Price list of milk and milk producs. SL |Product’s name |Net Amt |Commission |MRP | |1 |Toned Milk/Liter |24. 12 |0. 88 |25. 00 | |2 |HTM/ltr |25. 09 |0. 91 |26. 00 | |3 |HCM/ltr |27 |1. 00 |28. 00 | |4 |Curd 500gm |14 |1. 00 |15. 0 | |5 |Butter Milk 200ml |4 |1. 00 |5. 00 | |6 |Peda/250 gm |39. 00 |6. 00 |45. 00 | |7 |200 ml Ghee |54. 55 |5. 45 |60. 00 | |8 |500 ml |180. 90 |18. 10 |199. 0 | |9 |1000 ml Ghee |250 |30. 00 |280. 00 | |10 |S. F. M/ bottle |14. 47 |2. 53 |17. 00 | |11 |Jamoon mix/ 200gm |44. 64 |5. 36 |50. 00 | |12 |Mysore pak/ 250 gm |66. 97 |8. 03 |75. 0 | |13 |Paneer/kg |217. 39 |32. 61 |250. 00 | |14 |Butter 500gm |126. 79 |15. 21 |142. 00 | NANDINI PRODUCT DETAILS AND RATE (NMP PRODUCTS) |Sl No. |Product Name |Maximum Price of Sale | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg |250. 00 | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg 50. 00 | | |Badam Powder 10 gm Tin/Kg |300. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm/Kg |280. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm pack |70. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / Kg |250. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / pack |50. 0 | | |SFM Bottles |14. 00 | | |Milk 200 Ml Pack (Tetra Pack) |14. 00 | CHAPTER – 2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE [pic] Organization structure is the skeleton of the organization. It prescribes the formal relationship among various position and the activities. Arrangements about reporting, relationship, how an organization member is to communicate with other members, what roles and procedures exist to guide the various activities performed by the members of all parts of the organization structure.Organization structure plays a vital role in achieving the organizational goals. Organization structure should be properly designed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the organization. Organization structure of Dharwad milk union consists of BOD’s at the top. Then president, under whom is the Managing Director. He is the person who is responsible for smooth functioning of the organization. After Managing Director there are managers and Deputy Mangers of various departments who are responsible and accountable for the activities of their respective departments. There are subordinates, supervisors and employees who are directly linked with department managers. DEPARTMENTS OF DMU: 1. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT:It is a sub-department, which comes under Finance Department. The main work of this department is to purchase various materials required by different department. After ascertaining the stock position by stores department and indent is sent by different department duly approved by the Managing Director. This department act to purchase materials. It also maintains records of all the suppliers calls for Tenders, quotations etc. Quotations with lowest rate are sanctioned. Purchase up to 50,000 can be made by Purchase Department. If the purchase amount is more than 50,000, then the approval of Managing Director. STRUCTURE:- The structure of Purchase Department is as shown: QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT:In DMU, at every stage, care is taken to ensure that the customer gets the products, which have a very high quality. Hence there is a separate department called Quality Department. Where the quality testing is done. There is a separate laboratory for this. Quality control is very essential as to maintain the freshness of the milk. All the containers, pipes and other equipments are washed with hot water before starting off with new production. There are many tests conducted here. The packed milk we get will have undergone 3 quality tests. First test is done on raw milk, which we get from chilling center. Next before standardization and the last test before packing. The other tests conducted are: TEST |REASON | | Temperature | Should be below 5 degrees | | Clot on Boiling | If mill curdles soon after boiling milk is | | |Rejected | | Acidity Test | To test the extent of acidity | | Alcohol Test | To check the heat stability of milk | | Lactometer | To check the density of milk | | Fat test | Percentage of fat determined | | SNF Test | Percentage of SNF determined for pricing SNF=CLR+FAT/4 | 2. PRODUCTION PROCESS AND DEPARTMENT: The main objective of this department is to follow up production schedule as per plan and to maintain close and co-ordinate relationship with other department and ensures to upgrade the technical efficiency of production. Milk, as it is highly perishable product has to process immediately to avoid spoilage milk with respect to its flavor, texture and taste. Production department is well equipped and has various types of highly sophisticated machines imported from Sweden and Denmark.Once the milk is received from P & I department, it is first weighed with the help of weighing bowl. Later, it is poured in dump tank. Sample testing is made through lactometer reading and other tests. The fat and SNF content of each sample of milk is accessed the cow and buffalo's milk are separately received and sent to the production section separately through two different stainless steel pipes. Later, the raw milk is passed through plate chiller of variable capacity where it is cooled up to 4-5 degrees Celsius. This cooled raw material is further stored in a silo of 30,000 liters capacity. PURPOSE OF CHILLING: This is done to avoid the growth of microorganisms, which are responsible for spoilage of milk and bitter taste.The milk, which is stored in silos, is pumped through pipeline to the balance tank, which helps to maintain the steady speed flow of milk in the Pasteurization machine. In, DMU there are 2 milk Pasteurization machine and 1 Cream Pasteurization machine. PURPOSE OF PASTEURIZATION: Pasteurization is a process where milk is heated to high temperature and cooled instantly, to destroy any microorganism. The pasteurized milk will stored in Pasteurized milk silos and then sent to pre-packing section. Packing is done in 500ml and 1000ml and stored in cold storage at 7 °. PASTEURIZATION OF CREAM: The milk in bulk is taken to the cream separator. Here, the, cream is separated.The cream is passed through cream Pasteurization Unit. This cream is sent to Butter Section. The milk with no fat is skimmed milk. Th is skim milk ‘is pumped back to Pasteurization Unit and heated to 72 ° using steam and chilled to 4 ° using chilled water and stored silos. This skimmed milk is sent to powder section. The pasteurize cream is mixed in portion to pasteurized milk. CURDS: Raw milk is heated to 90 ° and allowed to cool to 30 °. Later culture is added to it and packed; the curd is formed in the packet itself. It is stored and packed in 200gms and 500gms. BUTTER: The cream, which is stored in cream refining tank, is taken to the churning section where it is churned.Here butler fat and buttermilk are separated. The vacuum pump removes excess of moisture and butter comes out of continuous butter making machine (capacity – 1500 kgs/hour). Butler is packed in 100, 200 and 500 gms and also in 10, 25 gms, these are stored in deep freezer room with temperature – 22 ° and if the order of salt butter they mix the salt water with cream and other process is same. GHEE: There are 2 Ghee Boiler of capacity 1500 kgs/batch. A Butter of 2. 5 tons is melted and is brought to Ghee Boiler. Here it is heated to 116-117 degree Celsius for 15 minutes so that the residue is allowed to settle down and Ghee is passed to setting tank through clarifiers.Later Ghee is allowed for cooling (at 30 °-40 °) and packed in Tin of Liter, 500 ml and 200 ml of pack and kept in the cold storage. PANEER: If there is excess of milk, then, Paneer is been made. The milk is heated to 900 for 15-20 minutes. Glacial acetic acid is added to milk and then milk is strained through fine muslin cloth. The solid potion is retained and is put in water and then it is put in chilled water and left overnight. Later it is packed and stored in cold storage. MILK POWDER: When there is excess of milk. Milk powder is made. The capacity of the powder plant is 12 tons. There are two sections – Evaporator and Spray Drier through which milk is converted to Milk Powder. In Evaporator, milk is boiled for 55  ° at high vacuum.Milk is concentrated to drier 40-45% of milk is solid, moisture is removed and the milk power obtained consists of 4% moisture. PEDHA: Dharwad is famous for its delicious Peda. DMU has separate Peda section. About 80 Liters (depends upon the demand) is heated continuously for 3 hours till the milk is semi-solid, later sugar and other ingredients are added and stirred continuously on low flame. Later it cooled and it is shaped in small balls and packed. The milk produced here is differentiated by the content of fat and SNF |TYPE |FAT |SNF | |Toned ‘Milk |3. 1% |8. % | |Standard Milk |4. 5% |9% | |Shubham Milk |6% |9% | |Full Cream Milk |5. 1% |9% | The below table gives a brief idea of the milk products, their fat SNF, moisture Content: |PRODUCT |FAT |SNF |MOISTURE | |Butter |83% |1% |16% | |Ghee |99. % |- |0. 2% | |Pannier |20% |30% |50% | The production department has the following structure: Package of milk: The company has three machines with double head ; six persons for packing the milk. The milk is heated from 70-80 degree temperature and compressed air for filling of milk. Total workers in this department are 24. Liquid milk weight in grams a) 200 ml=208 +/-3 gms b) 500 ml=517 +/-3 gms c) 10,00 ml=1034 +/-5 gms Curds weight: †¢ 200 gms = 202 +or- †¢ 500 gms = 503+or-2Film length: a) 200 ml= 100 mm b) 500 ml= 150 mm c) 1000 ml= 230 mm While packaging of milk. The crate is washed from 3 to 5 degree temperature and then the milk is set in crate and the milk is stored in cold room. The temperature of cold room is 2 to 5 degree Celsius. 3. PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: Input required per day: Milk procurement up to 85000 liters 5 to 6 lakh liters of water 10,000 units of electricity 4 to 5 tones of coal Generator in case of electricity failure and manpower Quality Control: At different stages of production the officer from the Quality Control department keeps verifying the quality of the products frequently.Any defects or unconformity to standards is immediately reports and necessary measures are taken to correct them. It is only that after the approval of this department the goods can be dispatched to the market. Waste materials are sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The buttermilk liquid containing a small percentage of fat content is sold to the soap manufacturers, otherwise it is sent to a special tank with agitator rotating in it. Different chemicals are used and sterilized fresh water is released for agricultural purpose. Caution is taken with regard to the height of the chimney to avoid air pollution. Steam plant: In various steps of production for instance melting of butter to ghee etc. steam is required. This steam is produced in steam production plant where coal is used for this purpose. Everyday nearly 4-5 tones of coal are required. The ash is sold to the brick manufacturer. THE STRUCTURE OF P&I DEPARTMENT: Procurement and input department is play a vital role in the DMU. In any a ny milk union this department handles the procurement of the milk required amt to the production process. FUNCTIONS OF P&I: †¢ Procurement of milk from milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Establishment of milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Encouraging farmers to produce more milk. †¢ Provide fair price to the good quality milk. PROCUREMENT OF MILK:Daily procurement of DMU is 80,000 liters/day on average. Procurement of milk seasonally variated from September – December the milk productivity is high and in summer it is low. M Milk collection process Milk procurement process has done all the 365 days and two times a day and procuring milk routes through transportation. DMU making Rs11 for cow milk and Rs13. 50for buffalo milk as minimum and other rate will depend on the SNF and FAT. After the chilling the milk is loaded and brought to the near by union. Once milk brought to the union it is rechecked for quality, quantity, freshne ss and then it sent for the further production process.If the milk is spoilt in transit it brought to the notice of concerned society, in case of away society if the milk is spoilt due to carelessness/delay of the driver it is brought to the notice to the contractor who is responsible for the loss. ESTABLISHMENT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES:- This is the important task carried by the P&I dept, societies are established in villages. There should be a min 50 members from societies and there should surplus of 75 liters of milk collection per day. There should be localities should produce milk from buffalo or cow or both, there is cheap elected from members who has ability to run a society successfully he is responsible for selling the shares to the formers who contributed from the societies. Share of Rs100 each should be allocated a society should gather an Rs20, 000 from the society.After registration, a commencing a general body meeting will held with 9 members who are influential and knowledgeable elected becomes director of the societies two as take as secretary and tester. It is the duty of secretary to maintain all records and ledgers of dairy transactions. The tester verifies quality of the milk a sheet a send with the carrier. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES:- This dept takes some promotional activities to increase the rate of production of the milk. †¢ Veterinary services to keep up the good health of cattle through a) Regular health Camps b) Emergency service round the clock c) First aid, Vaccination, Infertility Camps, Fodder †¢ Artificial Insemination facilities for improvement of Cattle breed. Facilitating Training Programs regarding management of Cattle. †¢ Supply of Fodder to the cattle. PRICE TO THE PROCURED MILK:- | |Fat content |SNF |Price/Liter | |Buffalo. |6% |9% |12. 60RS | |Cow’s Milk. |3. 5% |8. 5% |9. 75Rs | The price given below is based on the SNF and Fat 4. STORES DEPARTMENT: STRUCTURE:- The stores department in DMU foll ows the Cordex System (Coded Control System). A card is maintained for each item and a number is allotted.The card attached to each article consists of amount balance, date of issue, purchase etc. this is later recorded in separated ledger book. The inventors are of different kind ranging from mechanical, spares, packing items to animal drugs, and stationary and veterinary drugs. There are at least 4000 different inventories. This department has the following services: It tries to maintain maximum and minimum level of inventory so as to avoid blockage of capital and storage. Ordinary and local available commodities are maintained at minimum possible level. Items of urgent and not easily available are stored sufficiently for further demand. Finished Goods Stores Department:The FGS department has the following structure Finished Goods Stores: This department acts as an interface between production and Marketing Department. It is concerned with maintenance of finishes goods connected r ecords. It receives all the finished goods and issues the stock to marketing department as per indents. It ensures that the goods are maintained properly with respect to quality. Accounts are maintained and daily and monthly report is submitted to the production. Marketing and Finance Department, as the products as perishable first-in-first-out method of inventory is followed 5. FINANCE DEPARTMENT: The structure of finance Department is as shown:This Department is responsible for keeping all the inward and outward flow of money of union. It prepares budget every year and fi

Final Project: Analyze a Sociological Issue

Axia college of university of phoenix| Final Project: Analyze a Sociological Issue| SOC 120 | | | February 15, 2009| Project: Analyze a Sociological Issue In this course you have learned about many different kinds of social problems and controversial issues in societies around the world and in the United States, such as poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization. ? Due Date: Day 7 [post to the Individual forum] Write a 1,750- to 2,450-word paper examining the impact of a current social problem on a particular social group. You may choose a social problem and social group from the Suggested Social Problems and Social Groups List in Appendix A, or you can research a social problem and social group that is not in the list. However, if you choose your own, you will need to submit a request to the instructor by Week 4. Format the paper according to APA style. Cite 3 to 5 sources; at least two should come from the Online Library. You can also refer to the Recommended Web Sites list in the Electronic Resources section at the beginning of this syllabus for additional sources. Note: Sources other than those from the Online Library or the Recommended Web Sites list need to be approved by the instructor. Submit the paper as an attachment| Racial Discrimination and Hispanics in the United States Even though the population of Hispanic People is growing in the United States, the Hispanic People are still somewhat discriminated against. Growing up in the South West, I have seen many changes in Race and its role in the community I live in. Recent growth in immigration from Mexico has brought about many different feelings and faces to this community. Phoenix, Arizona has become a place of much racial diversity and racial tensions. Hispanic cultures are a prevalent part in Arizona and the Mexican people have become a major part of Arizona politics, I was talking with a Postal Delivery Person and he stated that most new occupants are of Hispanic Descent, and this trend seems to be on the rise. In this community the white race is still predominate but change will come in as the Hispanic Peoples will become more predominate than white, English speaking people, soon I will have to speak two languages, which in my case, I do. Conventional wisdom holds that Latin America is a highly discriminatory society. â€Å"Understanding the extent of such discrimination and exploring the channels through which it operates deserve special attention†. (Alberto Chong,   Hugo Nopo). (2008). Racial discrimination is a term used to describe unruly or unfair behavior afflicted on individuals based on their race. Historically, racism existed from ancient times, one particular race always tried to exert its supremacy over the others resulting in a concept known as racial discrimination. â€Å"Before I go any further, we need to know what makes up Hispanic America†. Mexican Americans: Mexican Americans have become a part of American and have given America much to brag about; through a growing political presence the Mexican community has brought a culture that is rich in heritage which is a vital part of modern America. Mexican Americans have attained socioeconomic and linguistic assimilation as well as legal status. Most are in pursuit of the American Dream of freedom and financial release. Dominican Americans: The native language of Dominicans is Spanish with English being a second language, many Dominicans hold fast to the Dominican Republic as their homeland and many Dominicans migrate back to their country where they were born. Immigration issues abound in this culture, many Dominicans come to America illegally by way of Puerto Rico; Dominicans enjoy living the American dream with the American culture already understood by many before they come to America. Puerto Rican Americans: Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth of the United States and has its own Constitution, Legislature and Governor, all subject to United States Executive Authority. English is taught in schools in Puerto Rico but Spanish is the primary language, due to Commonwealth status, all Puerto Ricans are American Citizens (considered migrants versus immigrants), much is debated in the political arena, with may advocating for full United States statehood and those who wish for complete independence from the United States. Cuban Americans: Many Cuban Americans have come to the United States through political exile, and many have settled in Miami, Florida and a significant number living throughout the United States. The Cuban American, coming to America, in Miami, have created a type of reverse assimilation into American culture, bringing about the terminology known as reverse acculturation, where the residents in Miami have accepted political dominance as well as the economic impact Cuban Americans have on this geographical area. From humble beginnings, earlier generations viewed as lower forms of society, worked hard and obtained citizenship that proved the resiliency of this Hispanic American. Religion has played a major role in most Hispanic American culture; the Roman Catholic Church has influenced many Hispanic Americans but a trend to move away from the Catholic Church, with many Hispanic Americans becoming Protestant, most being Baptist. At any case, Most Hispanic Americans are Religious, and this influences many in today’s Hispanic American culture. One would think that modern society would have learned how to cope with racial discrimination and especially with Hispanics and all the contributions that this Ethnic Group has given to the United States. As American society’s diverse population grows in the next Century the Hispanic Population will continue to grow as well as contribute to our Nation’s economy and society. Hispanic Americans have become a part of America, and have given America much to brag about; through a growing political presence the Hispanic community has brought a culture that is rich in heritage which is a vital part of modern America. Hispanic Americans have attained socioeconomic and linguistic assimilation as well as legal status. Most are in pursuit of the American Dream of freedom and financial release. In America’s case racial discrimination is a reality among Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and other immigrant groups and in spite of the ethnic growth throughout America over the past 30 years, racial minority groups like Hispanics continues to struggle for full Equal Rights. Hispanic or Latin Americans make up 12. 5 percent of America’s population, but Hispanics always have been considered a minority group and continue to be discriminated against in the work place as well as seeking accommodation and gaining other public services. Since 911 things have gotten worse in states that border Mexico, for anyone with darker colored skin, according to National Catholic Reporter,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"At Ray Carrillo's welding yard in El Paso, Texas, neighbors talk about the Guard. They also talk about citizen militias like the Minutemen–a local one is called the Border Regulators–that have appeared. And they talk about the sheriff, who has detained more than 800 undocumented persons at roadblocks and turned them over to the Border Patrol. Deputies even asked U. S. citizens who looked Mexican to present papers, according to residents who say they were asked. In late October deputies confronted shop owner Jose Rodriguez, who had posted a handwritten sign in Spanish on his property warning neighbors of a renewed roadblock. Rodriguez's wife, Maria, said the family now felt â€Å"threatened. † A deputy had called for backup and more patrol cars arrived, according to the couple. â€Å"Now I am going to be here seven days a week,† they said the deputy insisted. When Rodriguez complained, â€Å"You're going to break my business,† a deputy said, â€Å"We're going to be here until you close your business,† according to the couple†. McConahay, M. J. (Nov 17, 2006). Hispanic residents wonder if they're friend or foe). As National security is a concern to every American Citizen, â€Å"including Hispanic Americans† We must differentiate between enemy and friend. In Maricopa County, the County Sheriff Joe Arpaio and County Attorney Andrew Thomas have enforced immigration laws and created a task force that targe ts illegal aliens and those who hire them and is of much debate among the Hispanic community in Arizona. The key racial issue in this area is illegal immigration and the effect this problem has had on violent crime in Maricopa County and rising crime in my neighborhood. According to a Maricopa County Attorney News Release, (October 2, 2008), â€Å"An analysis of all defendants sentenced for felonies in 2007 in Maricopa County Superior Court shows 18. 7% to in the United States illegally. Factoring in a random sample of those whose immigration status was initially unknown and later determined to be illegal, the study finds that number rises to 21. %†. This has a direct effect on me and those who are close to me because, it is not known if we should plan to defend our property and make it more secure. With increased problems due to increased migration from Mexico and other countries throughout Mexico, I may be forced to move to a different area where I and my family will feel more secure. The media in the Maricopa County area has different views on the issue of illegal immigration and the so called Illegal Immigration Round-Ups. With most of the media taking the safe route, there are a few that speak out against the County Attorney and the County Sheriff, claiming both are bias and use racial profiling as a means of locating illegal aliens in these Round-Ups. All of these statistics have a profound effect upon the Hispanic American community, when racial profiling continues even when the Hispanics of the United States have been here longer than many other racial groups, the law needs to reconsider how they move forward with security, and what many consider harassment. We can see this during World War II, when America viewed Japanese victories in the Russo-Japanese War reinforced the belief that the Western World was facing a yellow peril. For two decades, after the Russo-Japanese War many Americans believed that a United States war with Japan was inevitable. The image of the yellow peril was mirrored for Americans by the writings of various authors, newspaper editors, columnists, and movies in which Orientals were portrayed as sinister villains engaged in activities of vengeance and treachery. Many Japanese Americans were subjected to concentration camps in Arizona and throughout the Western United States. If American society does not take into account what happened during these dark years of World War II, we may see issues with Hispanics in America being forced to live in certain areas consigned to the Hispanic Community due to boarder tensions with Mexico and Latin Americas. According to the racial discrimination act, it is illegal to discriminate people in the areas of public life on the basis of their race. These areas include employment, housing accommodation, real estate buying, and provision of goods and services, accessing public places, using public transportation services and in advertising. Under this act, even an offensive or abusive behavior or language that is based on racial vilification is prohibited. In my opinion, it is difficult to accurately measure prejudice in America but to a certain degree, yes, prejudice can be measured. When I say â€Å"to a certain degree†; one cannot know for certain if the person is totally prejudiced against another race. My preference for people of my ethnic background does not make me prejudice. I believe the human race as a whole comes from one blood, but for some reason has taken on the different characteristics we now see in the diverse human race. Racial Tensions as well as Prejudice against those who have come to America in the last century have excelled for no apparent reason as we that make up modern America, that came to this beautiful country at one time or another, many racial groups have faced prejudice such as the Irish and Italian immigrants, African Americans, and the list goes on and on. It seems as though wherever human society is, there will always be discrimination against some group or groups. I believe we as American Citizens must come together (especially in these tough economic times) and create a wonderful diverse America, where â€Å"everyone† can be proud of the American flag and the land of the free as our ancestors who migrated to America did. Reference (s): Axia College of University of Phoenix (2008). Chapter One Through Sixteen, Society: The Basics, Eighth Edition by John J. Macionis (2006). Retrieved February 15, 2009, from Axia College, Week Six reading, SOC 120 Introduction to Sociology aXcess Web site. Axia College of University of Phoenix (2008). Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition. Retrieved Feburary 15, 2009, from Axia College, Week Six reading, ETH 125 Cultural Diversity aXcess Web site. Alberto Chong,   Hugo Nopo. (2008). The Mystery of Discrimination in Latin America/Comments. Economia,  8(2),  79-115. Retrieved February 13, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global  database. (Document ID:  1579566311). McConahay, M. J. (Nov 17, 2006). Hispanic residents wonder if they're friend or foe. National Catholic Reporter,  43,  5. p. 7 (2). Retrieved  February 15, 2009,  from  General OneFile  via  Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Maricopa County Attorney News Release, October 2, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009 from: http://www. mcaodocuments. com/press/20081002_a. pdf Information about Hispanic Americans Retrieved Feburary15, 2009 from the following Web site (s): http://www. topuertorico. org/people. shtml http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cuban_American http://www. mexicanamericans. com